1Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
2Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, 1006 Canton Avenue, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
3Development Center X-ray Technology (EZRT), Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS), Flugplatzstraße 75, 90768, Fürth, Germany
| Received 31 Mar 2025 |
Accepted 15 Nov 2025 |
Published 11 Dec 2025 |
Studying the mechanisms that promote deep rooting in crops is crucial for engineering plant varieties with enhanced drought resilience and increased carbon sequestration capacity. Soil compaction is a major constraint on rooting depth and, to overcome this, root system penetrability needs to be enhanced. However, because of the limitations of current methods, phenotyping root penetrability remains a bottleneck. Here, we developed RootXplorer, a computer vision-based 3D phenotyping platform for high-throughput quantification of root penetration-related traits/phenotypes across dicot and monocot species. RootXplorer integrates a novel Phytagel-based cylinder system, a 3D imaging unit, and an automated software pipeline to extract root penetration-related traits with high precision and at a large scale. We demonstrate that RootXplorer enables large-scale diversity screenings in conditions replicating soil compaction effects in multiple species, revealing species-specific strategies for overcoming mechanical impedance. These findings highlight the utility and promise of RootXplorer for accelerating research on root architectural plasticity under controlled compaction conditions, identifying genotypes with varying tolerance to mechanical impedance, and supporting data-driven breeding decisions for developing soil compaction-resilient crop varieties. This technology has important implications for future plant breeding strategies and supports ongoing climate change mitigation efforts.
